One stand out invention which forms the basis for the
formation of today’s advance human civilization is wheel in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) around 3500 BCE.
It
was the invention of wheel through which the human civilization became able to
convert different kind of energy into useful work and they also overcome the
intrinsic restive force of gravity and friction. So it can be said that wheel
is the building block which through modification over period of more than 5000
years of time, eventually leads to industrial revolution and all the developments
and technological advancement which follows the industrial revolution.
So
I categorize all the civilizations till mid 20th century as first civilization,
because through the course of time till then humans sought to ease their
physical burdens only, through tools and technologies.
Second Civilization
In the mid of 20th century, for the first time human civilization try to make invention which will make ease in their cognitive burden, so the building block of the second civilization was invented. The term "artificial intelligence" was coined in 1955 by John McCarthy, who is often regarded as one of the founding figures of AI. The Dartmouth Conference, held in 1956, is considered a milestone in the history of AI, as it brought together researchers and scientists to discuss the potential of creating machines that could simulate human intelligence.
The late 1950s through the 1960s was a time of creation. From programming languages that are still in use to this day, to books and films that explored the idea of robots and AI became mainstream idea quickly. From the time in 1965,when Edward Feigenbaum and Joshua Lederberg created the first “expert system” which was a form of AI programmed to replicate the thinking and decision-making abilities of human experts, till today when there is humanoid robot Sophia , which hash realistic human appearance and ability to see and replicate emotion to Chatgpt, which can create code , poetry ,writing task ,process and understand images the AI has developed a long way in very short span of time.
On the basis of the foundation which was laid in short span of 70 years, one can imagine that how far the civilization will advance by the combine effort of human intelligence and artificial intelligence, and how much of the energy present in the solar system they will be able to convert into useful work
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